online advertising
online advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide Web for the expressed purpose of delivering marketing messages to attract customers. Examples of online advertising include contextual ads on search engine results pages, banner ads, Rich Media Ads, Social network advertising, online classified advertising, advertising networks and e-mail marketing, including e-mail spam.
Competitive advantage over traditional advertising
One major benefit of online advertising is the immediate publishing of information and content that is not limited by geography or time. To that end, the emerging area of interactive advertising presents fresh challenges for advertisers who have hitherto adopted an interruptive strategy.
Another benefit is the efficiency of advertiser's investment. online advertising allows for the customization of advertisements, including content and posted websites. For example, AdWords and AdSense enable ads shown on relevant webpages or aside of search results of pre-chosen keywords. Another is the payment method. Whatever purchasing variation is selected, the payment is usually relative with audiences' response.
Purchasing variations
The three most common ways in which online advertising is purchased are CPM, CPC, and CPA.
CPM (Cost Per Impression) is where advertisers pay for exposure of their message to a specific audience. CPM costs are priced per thousand impressions, or loads of an advertisement. However, some impressions may not be counted, such as a reload or internal user action. The M in the acronym is the Roman numeral for one thousand.
CPV (Cost Per Visitor) or (Cost per View in the case of Pop Ups and Unders) is where advertisers pay for the delivery of a Targeted Visitor to the advertisers website.
CPC (Cost Per Click) is also known as Pay per click (PPC). Advertisers pay each time a user clicks on their listing and is redirected to their website. They do not actually pay for the listing, but only when the listing is clicked on. This system allows advertising specialists to refine searches and gain information about their market. Under the Pay per click pricing system, advertisers pay for the right to be listed under a series of target rich words that direct relevant traffic to their website, and pay only when someone clicks on their listing which links directly to their website. CPC differs from CPV in that each click is paid for regardless of whether the user makes it to the target site.
CPA (Cost Per Action) or (Cost Per Acquisition) advertising is performance based and is common in the affiliate marketing sector of the business. In this payment scheme, the publisher takes all the risk of running the ad, and the advertiser pays only for the amount of users who complete a transaction, such as a purchase or sign-up. This is the best type of rate to pay for banner advertisements and the worst type of rate to charge. Similarly, CPL (Cost Per Lead) advertising is identical to CPA advertising and is based on the user completing a form, registering for a newsletter or some other action that the merchant feels will lead to a sale. Also common, CPO (Cost Per Order) advertising is based on each time an order is transacted.
Cost per conversion Describes the cost of acquiring a customer, typically calculated by dividing the total cost of an ad campaign by the number of conversions. The definition of "Conversion" varies depending on the situation: it is sometimes considered to be a lead, a sale, or a purchase.
CPE (Cost Per Engagement) is a form of Cost Per Action pricing first introduced in March 2008. Differing from cost-per-impression or cost-per-click models, a CPE model means advertising impressions are free and advertisers pay only when a user engages with their specific ad unit. Engagement is defined as a user interacting with an ad in any number of ways.[1]
Though, as seen above, the large majority of online advertising has a cost that is brought about by usage or interaction of an ad, there are a few other methods of advertising online that only require a one time payment. The Million Dollar Homepage is a very successful example of this. Visitors were able to pay $1 per pixel of advertising space and their advert would remain on the homepage for as long as the website exists with no extra costs.
Floating ad: An ad which moves across the user's screen or floats above the content.
Expanding ad: An ad which changes size and which may alter the contents of the webpage.
Polite ad: A method by which a large ad will be downloaded in smaller pieces to minimize the disruption of the content being viewed
Wallpaper ad: An ad which changes the background of the page being viewed.
Trick banner: A banner ad that looks like a dialog box with buttons. It simulates an error message or an alert.
Pop-up: A new window which opens in front of the current one, displaying an advertisement, or entire webpage.
Pop-under: Similar to a Pop-Up except that the window is loaded or sent behind the current window so that the user does not see it until they close one or more active windows.
Video ad: similar to a banner ad, except that instead of a static or animated image, actual moving video clips are displayed.
Map ad: text or graphics linked from, and appearing in or over, a location on an electronic map such as on Google Maps.
Mobile ad: an SMS text or multi-media message sent to a cell phone.
In addition, ads containing streaming video or streaming audio are becoming very popular with advertisers.
E-mail advertising
Legitimate Email advertising or E-mail marketing is often known as "opt-in e-mail advertising" to distinguish it from spam.
Affiliate marketing
Main article: Affiliate marketing
Affiliate marketing is a form of online advertising where advertisers place campaigns with a potentially large number of small (and large) publishers, whom are only paid media fees when traffic to the advertiser is garnered, and usually upon a specific measurable campaign result (a form, a sale, a sign-up, etc). Today, this is usually accomplished through contracting with an affiliate network.
Affiliate marketing was an invention by CDNow.com in 1994 and was excelled by Amazon.com when it launched its Affiliate Program, called Associate Program in 1996. The online retailer used its program to generate low cost brand exposure and provided at the same time small websites a way to earn some supplemental income.
Contextual advertising
Many advertising networks display graphical or text-only ads that correspond to the keywords of an Internet search or to the content of the page on which the ad is shown. These ads are believed to have a greater chance of attracting a user, because they tend to share a similar context as the user's search query. For example, a search query for "flowers" might return an advertisement for a florist's website.
Another newer technique is embedding keyword hyperlinks in an article which are sponsored by an advertiser. When a user follows the link, they are sent to a sponsor's website.
Behavioral targeting
In addition to contextual targeting, online advertising can be targeted based on a user's past clickstream. For example, if a user is known to have recently visited a number of automotive shopping / comparison sites based on clickstream analysis enabled by cookies stored on the user's computer, that user can then be served auto-related ads when they visit other, non-automotive sites.
Ads and malware
There is also class of advertising methods which may be considered unethical and perhaps even illegal. These include external applications which alter system settings (such as a browser's home page), spawn pop-ups, and insert advertisements into non-affiliated webpages. Such applications are usually labeled as spyware or adware. They may mask their questionable activities by performing a simple service, such as displaying the weather or providing a search bar. Some programs are effectively trojans. These applications are commonly designed so as to be difficult to remove or uninstall. The ever-increasing audience of online users, many of whom are not computer-savvy, frequently lack the knowledge and technical ability to protect themselves from these programs.
Ad server market structure
Given below is a list of top ad server vendors in 2008 with figures in millions of viewers published in a Attributor survey.
Vendor Ad viewers
Google 1,118
DoubleClick 1,079
Yahoo 362
MSN 309
AOL 156
Adbrite 73
Total 3,087
It should be noted that Google acquired DoubleClick in 2007 for a consideration of $3,100 million. The above survey was based on a sample of 68 million domains.
网络广告
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狭义的网络广告又被称为在线广告或者互联网广告；而广义的网络广告除了包括以计算机为核心组成的计算机网络为媒介的广告行为外，还包括其他所有以电子设备相互连接而组成的网络为媒介的广告行为，例如以无线电话网络，电子信息亭网络为载体的广告行为。在一般未做特殊说明的情况下，现在各资料所谈论的网络广告全指狭义网络广告。
狭义网络广告与传统广告有很多类似的地方，也分为很多不同广告形式，拥有多种计费方式。
常见的广告形式包括：
横幅式广告（banner）
通栏式广告
弹出式广告（pop-up ads）
按钮式广告（button）
插播式广告（interstitial ads）
电子邮件广告（E-DirectMarketing,EDM）
赞助式广告（sponsorship）
分类广告（classified ads）
互动游戏式广告（interactive game）
软件端广告
文字链接广告（text ads）
浮动形广告（floting ads）
联播网广告
关键字广告
比对内容广告
常见的记费方式包括：
按照千人印象成本（CPM）收费。
按照每点击成本（CPC）收费。
按照每行动成本（CPA）收费。
按照每回应成本（CPR）收费。
按照每购买成本（CPP）收费。
这些都是国际流行的收费模式。在中国和一些网络广告的发展中国家，则时常会采用以时间来购买的模式，如按每日投放成本收费，按每周投放成本收费等。
对网络广告的研究显示，50%的网络广告点击是由6%的用户产生的。而且这个点击群体是一个缺乏购买力的群体，也很少进行网络购物[1]。
广告英文文献
[1] 王晓玉. 论我国网络广告的现状、前景及发展对策[J]. 民营科技, 2009,(02) .
[2] 马艳. 我国网络广告市场现状及发展趋势[J]. 今传媒, 2009,(02) .
[3] 马燕妮,杨瑾. 当前网络广告存在的问题与对策[J]. 现代商业, 2009,(06) .
[4] 钱旦丹. 网络广告的优势和其对传统广告的影响[J]. 无锡南洋学院学报, 2007,(03) .
[5] 曾静平,申卉. 网络广告的形式变化与创意空间[J]. 现代传播(中国传媒大学学报), 2009,(01) .
[6] 向堃,曾超男,梁田. 企业如何有效利用网络广告[J]. 农村经济与科技, 2009,(01) .
[7]中国网络广告市场 正在发生的十大深刻变化[J]. 广告人, 2009,(02) .
[8] 陈跃刚,吴艳. 网络广告受众行为研究[J]. 商业研究, 2009,(02) .
[9] 唐胜辉. 网络广告在营销中的特性及应用[J]. 现代商贸工业, 2009,(02) .
[10] 唐胜辉,陈海波. 浅论网络广告[J]. 商场现代化, 2009,(08) . 中国期刊全文数据库 共找到 3 条
[1]王琦君,严晓青,徐伟丹. 网络广告研究概述[J]. 当代传播, 2006,(06) .
[2]杨娟丽. 中小企业网络营销的竞争优势[J]. 北方经贸, 2006,(06) .
[3]孙君. 中小企业网络营销刍议[J]. 中国管理信息化(综合版), 2007,(03) .
中国重要报纸全文数据库 共找到 2 条
[1]白国军. 网络广告 法律难干涉用户抱怨多[N]. 济宁日报, 2005-07-06(007) .
[2]赵俊峰. 中国网络广告的现状及发展趋势[N]. 中华新闻报, 2005-08-03(C04) .
中国期刊全文数据库 共找到 4 条
[1]姜秀娟,高静娟. 基于网络广告互动性提升网络广告效果的对策研究[J]. 科学与管理, 2006,(05) .
[2]杨佳. 中国网络广告的发展趋势[J]. 科技信息, 2007,(05) .
[3]中国网络广告市场的发展特点[J]. 中国新通信, 2007,(06) .
[4]郦瞻. 中国网络广告形式初探[J]. 浙江万里学院学报, 2007,(02) . 中国期刊全文数据库 共找到 1 条
[1]马艳. 我国网络广告市场现状及发展趋势[J]. 今传媒, 2009,(02) .
[1]2009年中国网络广告发展趋势调查[J]. 中国广告, 2009,(04) .
[2] 夏丹. 试论网络广告存在的问题及其对策[J]. 经营管理者, 2009,(12) .
[3] 吴楠. 未来网络广告发展态势之我见[J]. 大舞台, 2009,(03) .
[4] 张顺华. 网络广告的现状与发展分析[J]. 魅力中国, 2009,(07) .
[5] 王晓玉. 论我国网络广告的现状、前景及发展对策[J]. 民营科技, 2009,(02) .
[6] 马艳. 我国网络广告市场现状及发展趋势[J]. 今传媒, 2009,(02) .
[7] 马燕妮,杨瑾. 当前网络广告存在的问题与对策[J]. 现代商业, 2009,(06) .
[8] 刘婉. 对于网络广告的现状及发展的探讨[J]. 才智, 2009,(22) .
[9] 张权. 浅论我国网络广告的特征、经营策略及改进手段[J]. 新闻天地(论文版), 2009,(07) .
[10] 昆廷·哈代. 下一代网络广告的特征[J]. IT时代周刊, 2009,(14) .
The Future Of online Advertising: Entertainment vs. Information
There are two principal ways advertisers are trying to create value for consumers on the web — and they must create value because, you know, consumers are in control. On the web, advertisers can provide entertainment or information.
How effective is advertising as information on the web? See Google’s $15B in ad revenue — an $5.19 billion in ad revenue in Q1 2008. The technology of web search enabled advertisers to create value for consumers in a way that was never possible in analogue media.
Searching for a product or service? Here’s a link to information on that product or service. The value proposition to consumers is so perfect, so pure, that it took years for Madison Avenue to realize that Google had created billions of dollars in advertising value right under their noses. It’s hard work winning Clio awards — who has time to think about at these silly little text ads?
But that Clio-award winning creativity is finally starting to focus its attention on the web, and just as with every TV spot that you’ve ever TiVoed past, Madison Avenue wants to entertain you.
With a 30-second TV commercial the worst that advertising creatives could do was waste your time or insult your intelligence. But now Madison Avenue has discovered digital technology. And like every web design who ever made something flash on a page just because they could (where are my teflon sunglasses?), ad creatives are harnessing the full power of web applications and the web’s snarky wild west ethos.
Representations: You warrant and represent that: (a) the names, cities, states, gender, e-mail addresses and mobile phone numbers (as well as any other information) you identified to us for yourself and/or any of the designated Invited Users are accurate, complete, and valid for the identified individual(b) you are the sole and exclusive owner of each photograph and recordings of yourself that you uploaded to this website and all rights therein(c) you have the full and exclusive right, power, and authority to submit all of the photograph(s) and recording(s), and to grant us the right to make any recordings of you, and to grant us the rights to all of the photograph(s) and recordings herein granted upon the terms and conditions set forth herein(f) all of your photograph(s) and recorded personal messages are in keeping with our image and are not offensive or otherwise violate any part of these Terms(g) your photograph(s) and recorded personal messages does not defame or invade publicity rights or privacy of any person, living or deceased, or otherwise infringe upon any person’s personal or property rights or any other third party rights(h) if your photograph appears to endorse Lexus, Toyota, or Scion brand vehicles or any TMS/USA Entities, and/or imply any association with any TMS/USA Entities or our business, you consent to such appearance of endorsement and/or association, and if a third party appears to endorse, or be associated with, Lexus, Toyota or Scion brand vehicles, TMS/USA Entities or our business, you have obtained the express written consent of such third party to such endorsement and/or association (and, if requested to do so, can produce such written consent in a form and manner acceptable to us)and (i) if any photograph contains persons other than yourself or third party elements not owned by you, you have obtained express written consent to submit such photograph and allow it to be used in the manner contemplated by these Terms from each and every person depicted in the photograph and each and every owner of any third party element, and, if requested to do so, can produce such written consent in a form and manner acceptable to us (and in particular, if any minor is depicted in any photograph, you have obtained the express written consent of the minor’s parent or legal guardian to submit such photograph and allow it to be used in the manner contemplated in these Terms).
Grant of Rights: You grant to us and our designees an exclusive, worldwide, perpetual, irrevocable, royalty-free, sub-licensable right to use your name, e-mail address, photograph(s) and/or recorded personal message(s), and any information you provided to us regarding any Invited User, in connection with The Other You experience and send any and all such information, photograph(s) and/or recorded personal message(s) to the Invited Users you designate and others to facilitate this entertainment activity. Further, you understand that, although not intended, there may be an unintended release of such information and/or items to the public, and you waive (and agree never to assert) any and all claims you may have with respect to such unintended release. By submitting any information and/or materials herein, you forever waive and agree never to assert, any copyrights, “moral” rights, or other rights that you may have in any materials or information provided hereunder.
This “entertainment activity”
This, my friends, is advertising as entertainment on the web.
So what does advertising as information look like in the same market? Try a search for “best hatchbacks” (the Toyota Matrix is a hatchback — no that this is relevant to the entertainment activity mind you).
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